Testing effect 转自 COPSY心理学留学网.pptx

Learning, Testing, and MemoryWanchen ChangAugust 2, 2010Functions of TestingTo measure what a student knows in order to assign a grade or a scoreTo enhance learning and slow the rate of forgettingThree Phases of MemoryEncodingStorageRetrievalThe Testing Effectvs.Repeated RetrievalRepeated EncodingThe Testing Effect: Flashcardsvs.Effects of Testing on LearningIndirect (mediated) effect:students study morestudents get feedback on what they know and don’t knowDirect (unmediated) effectRecapTesting enhances learning and slows the rate of forgettingTesting = repeated retrievalDirect (unmediated) effect of testingTimeline of Research on the Testing Effect1917Gates, A.I. – Recitation as a factor in memorizing.1939Spitzer, H.F. – Studies in retention.1940sInterest in the effects of testing disappeared1967Tulving, E. – The effects of presentation and recall of material in free-recall learning.early 1970sBoomlet in testing research1970s onResearch largely sporadic, but surge of renewed interest (last 10 years?) in learning through testingProportion of Words Recalled During the Learning PhaseKarpicke, Roediger III, Repeated Retrieval During Learning is the Key to Long-Term Retention, Journal of Memory and Language, 2007, pp. 151-162.Potentiating Effect of TestingKarpicke, Roediger III, Repeated Retrieval During Learning is the Key to Long-Term Retention, Journal of Memory and Language, 2007, pp. 151-162.Cumulative Proportion of Words Recalled on the Final TestKarpicke, Roediger III, Repeated Retrieval During Learning is the Key to Long-Term Retention, Journal of Memory and Language, 2007, pp. 151-162.Measuring Retention of U.S. History Facts45 questions on slavery and sectionalism15 items ? No Review15 items ? Study15 items ? Test/StudyReview sheet with 30 questionsAnswer sheetCarpenter, Pashler, Cepeda, Using Tests to Enhance 8th Grade Students’ Retention of U.S. History Facts, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2009 pp. 760-771.Sample Question:Who assassinated President Abraham L