lecture12过程控制讲义12.pptVIP

* Chapter 8 Figure 8.1 Schematic diagram for a stirred-tank blending system. Feedback Controllers Chapter 8 Basic Control Modes Next we consider the three basic control modes starting with the simplest mode, proportional control. Proportional Control In feedback control, the objective is to reduce the error signal to zero where and Chapter 8 Although Eq. 8-1 indicates that the set point can be time-varying, in many process control problems it is kept constant for long periods of time. For proportional control, the controller output is proportional to the error signal, where: Chapter 8 Chapter 8 The key concepts behind proportional control are the following: The controller gain can be adjusted to make the controller output changes as sensitive as desired to deviations between set point and controlled variable; the sign of Kc can be chosen to make the controller output increase (or decrease) as the error signal increases. For proportional controllers, bias can be adjusted, a procedure referred to as manual reset. Some controllers have a proportional band setting instead of a controller gain. The proportional band PB (in %) is defined as Chapter 8 In order to derive the transfer function for an ideal proportional controller (without saturation limits), define a deviation variable as Then Eq. 8-2 can be written as The transfer function for proportional-only control: An inherent disadvantage of proportional-only control is that a steady-state error occurs after a set-point change or a sustained disturbance. Chapter 8 Integral Control For integral control action, the controller output depends on the integral of the error signal over time, where , an adjustable parameter referred to as the integral time or reset time, has units of time. Integral control action is widely used because it provides an important practical advantage, the elimination of offset. Consequently, integral control action is normally used in conjunction with proportional control as the pro