古代印度——数学天文学.docx

Ancient India – Mathematics古代印度——数学In India, mathematics has its roots in Vedic literature which is nearly 4000 years old. Between 1000 B.C. and 1000 A.D. various treatises on mathematics were authored by Indian mathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root.?在印度，数学源自于几乎四千年之久的吠陀文献。在公元前1000年至公元1000年之间，由印度数学家所写的各种数学论文首次阐明了出来，零的概念，代数和运算法则的技巧，平方根与立方根都阐明了出来。A method of graduated calculation was documented in the Pancha-Siddhantika (Five Principles) in the 5th Century. But the technique is said to be dating from Vedic times circa 2000 B.C.?一种最终的计算模式（五种法则）被编在公元五世纪《潘萨——释哈提卡》，但这种技巧据说是追溯到公元前2000年左右的吠陀时期里。The rudiments of Geometry - called Rekha-Ganita in ancient India - were formulated and applied in the drafting of Mandalas for architectural purposes.?几何学的初步入门——在古代印度就叫做里卡—甘尼塔——在建筑用途的曼荼罗（坛场）的起草上作过简洁陈述和运用。They were also displayed in the geometric patterns used in many temple motifs.?很多庙宇的图形也展示出几何图案。?screen.width-500)this.style.width=screen.width-500;Many motifs in Hindu Temples and Palaces display a mix of floral and Geometric patterns.很多庙宇和宫殿的图形都陈列出植物群与几何图案的混合体。The technique of calculation, called algorithm, which is today widely used in designing soft ware programs (instructions) for computers was also derived from Indian mathematics. In this chapter we shall examine the advances made by Indian mathematicians in ancient times.?计算的方法，叫做运算法则，今天被广泛运用在软件设计上，指示计算机动作的软件也源自印度数学。在这一章，我们应当看出古代印度数学的优点。In India around the 5th century A.D. a sys tem of mathematics that made astronomical calculations easy was developed. In those times its application was limited to astronomy as its pioneers were Astronomers. As tronomical calculations are complex and involve many variables that go into the derivation of unknown quantities. Algebra is a short-hand method of calculation and by this feature it scores over conventional arithmetic.?在大约公元五世纪的印度，一种计算体系使得天文学的发展变得容易。在那些时期，它仅应用于天文学，就像它的先驱者是天文学家一样。作为