托福句子简化题.doc

托福阅读句子简化题讲义 (1) 句子简化题简介和提问方式: Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.阅读当中比较浪费考生时间的一种题型就是释义题，即recognizing paraphrases。改题要求用另一种表达方式表达与原句相同的意思。很多考生在答题的时候首先会仔细阅读原文当中被highlighted 的句子，然后再逐一阅读四个选项中的句子。每个选项都是一个长句子，因此浪费考生大量时间。另外按照这种方式阅读每一个句子，对于稍长一点的句子来说，考生很难注意到句子核心信息，容易受到干扰。(2) 句子简化的两个层面: 语义和逻辑 (3) 常见的逻辑关系转换----四大 “明显”/ “隐含” 关系 （４）句子简化题解题步骤 １）寻找给定句子中的逻辑关系：因果＼比较＼最高级＼否定． ２）确定与逻辑相关的语义：原因和结果，作用对象，最简化原则 ３）验证选项，选择与题干逻辑和相关语义均一致的选项，先验证逻辑（由主到次）再验证逻辑． ???否定 ???明显否定关系的特色词汇: no, not, none, never, neither, deny ???隐含否定关系的特色词汇: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less. ???因果 ???明显因果关系的特色词汇: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly. ???隐含因果关系的特色词汇: a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt. b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, resort to. e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句. f. 短语\不定式\独立主格作状语 ???比较 ???明显比较关系的特色词汇: 同级比较\比较级 ???隐含比较关系的特色词汇: a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, stable, still. b. “差异”: same, different. c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel. ???最高级\绝对化 ???明显最高级/绝对化关系的特色词汇: -est/ 比较级 ???隐含最高级\绝对化关系的特色词汇: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修饰价格的high) The Civil War Inv