湖南师范大学-拓扑学-Chapter-1-Set-Theory-and-Logic.pptVIP

Chapter 1 Set Theory and Logic§1 Fundamental Concepts 1. Basic Notation Sets Capital letters; elements a,b,c … Lowercase Letters; An element in : ,else ; a subset A of B , ; B contains A ; a proper subset A of B : ; both and . 2. The union and the intersection of sets, the empty set or and The set having no elements is called the empty set, denoted by . 3. Contrapositive, Converse and Negation Given a statement of the form “If P, then Q”, its contrapositive is defined to be the statement: “If Q is not true, then P is not true”. Example. If , then its contrapositiv- e is the statement:If ，the it is not true that Given a statement “P Q”, the statement “Q P” If both the statement “P Q” and its co- nverse “Q P” are true, we express this fa- ct by the notation “P Q”. 4. The Difference of Two sets and . 5. Rules of Set Theory Commutative laws , . Associative laws Distributive laws DeMorgan’s Laws 6. Collections of sets Given a set , the set of all subsets of is called the power set of , denoted by 7. Arbitary Unions and Intersection for at least one ={x| ={x|there exists A A such that x A}. for every 8. Cartesian Product A×B={(a,b) | a A and b B} §2 Functions Rules of assignment A rule of assignment is a subset r o