floral scent in bird- and beetle-pollinated protea species (proteaceae) chemistry, emission rates and function：花香鸟和甲虫授粉的所有物种（眼科）化学，发射率和功能.Image.Marked.pdfVIP

Phytochemistry 84 (2012) 78–87 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Phytochemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/locate/phytochem Floral scent in bird- and beetle-pollinated Protea species (Proteaceae): Chemistry, emission rates and function S.-L. Steenhuisen a,⇑, R.A. Raguso b, S.D. Johnson a a School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Post Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa b Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Evolutionary shifts between pollination systems are often accompanied by modifications of floral traits, Received 18 April 2012 including olfactory cues. We investigated the implications of a shift from passerine bird to beetle polli- Received in revised form 14 August 2012 nation in Protea for floral scent chemistry, and also explored the functional significance of Protea scent Available online 21 September 2012 for pollinator attraction. Using headspace sampling and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found distinct differences in the emission rates and chemical composition of floral scents between eight Keywords: bird- and four beetle-pollinated species. The amount of scent emitted from inflorescences of beetle-pol- Protea linated species was, on average, about 10-fold greater than that of bird-p