第十五章总线技术.ppt

Since the transmitter and receiver must remain synchronized and a large string of 1s do not generate any pulses, a bit may be stuffed. Here, a bit is added to force a change in the signal line. USB Commands: Communication begins with a sync byte (80H), followed by a packet identification byte (PID). The PID contains 8 bits -- the rightmost four bits contain the type of packet that follows (if any). The leftmost 4 bits are the compliment (used for error detection.) For example, if command is 1000 and 0111 1000 is sent. * 第*页 PIDs are available for token indicators, data indicators and handshaking: Formats of the data, token, handshaking and start-of-frame are as follows: * 第*页 Two types of CRC (cyclic redundancy check): 5-bit CRC for tokens, SOF, etc. Primitive polynomial is X5 + X2 + 1 16-bit CRC for data. Primitive polynomial is X16 + X15 + X2 + 1 The handshaking PID packets are used to signal errors between the transmitter and receiver. A NAK causes the transmitter to resend the data. This is called stop and wait flow control since the transmitter must wait for an ACK before sending any additional packets. * 第*页 Operates at system bus speed, e.g. 528M bytes/sec under the 2X compliant system and over 1 G bytes/sec under a 4X. PCI maximum is ~100 M bytes/sec. * 第*页 The Intel Microprocessors Instructor：Dr. Yu Youling The ISA Bus The Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus The Parallel Printer Interface (LPT) The Serial COM Ports The Universal Serial Bus (USB) The Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) * 第*页 Different types of buses: ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) EISA (Extended ISA) VESA (Video Electronics Standards Association, VL Bus) PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) USB (Universal Serial Bus) AGP (Advanced Graphics Port) ISA is the oldest of all these and todays computers still have a ISA bus interface in form of an ISA slot (connection) on the main board. ISA has 8-bit and 16-bit standards along with the 32-bit version (EISA). All t