刘文勇黄金阅读29篇-雏鸟乞食行为.docxVIP

智课网TOEFL备考资料 刘文勇黄金阅读29篇：雏鸟的乞食行为 摘要： 最新版刘文勇新托福黄金阅读文本及答案，高清PDF格式支持免费下载，一共71篇，包括原刘文勇黄金阅读29篇，下面是文勇黄金阅读翻译及解析：雏鸟的乞食行为，希望对大家备考托福阅读考试有所帮助。  刘文勇黄金阅读29篇：Begging by Nestlings 雏鸟的乞食行为  Many signals that animals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly damaging. A classic example is noisy begging by nestling songbirds when a parent returns to the nest with food. These loud cheeps and peeps might give the location of the nest away to a listening hawk or raccoon, resulting in the death of the defenseless nestlings. In fact, when tapes of begging tree swallows were played at an artificial swallow nest containing an egg, the egg in that “noisy” nest was taken or destroyed by predators before the egg in a nearby quiet nest in 29 of 37 trials.  Further evidence for the costs of begging comes from a study of differences in the begging calls of warbler species that nest on the ground versus those that nest in the relative safety of trees. The young of ground-nesting warblers produce begging cheeps of higher frequencies than do their tree-nesting relatives. These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far, and so may better conceal the individuals producing them, who are especially vulnerable to predators in their ground nests. David Haskell created artificial nests with clay eggs and placed them on the ground beside a tape recorder that played the begging calls of either tree-nesting or of ground-nesting warblers. The eggs “advertised” by the tree-nesters begging calls were found bitten significantly more often than the eggs associated with the ground-nesters calls.  The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction: baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators. This prediction was supported by data co