15 免疫缺陷immunodeficiency.ppt

15 免疫缺陷immunodeficiency 　　　The immune system is a network of interacting cellular and soluble components. Its function is to distinguish entities within the body as self or nonself and to eliminate those that are nonself. 　　　　　Microorganisms are the principal nonself entities, but neoplasms, transplants, and certain foreign substances (eg, some toxins) are also important. To accomplish its tasks, the immune system has evolved two mechanisms: nonspecific immunity and specific immunity, which are linked to and influence each other. Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity 　　　 This type of immunity is older phylogenetically, is present at birth, does not require a previous encounter with the offending substance, and does not develop memory. Innate immunity includes barriers, such as the skin, and chemical protection, such as gastric acid. There are two cellular components: the phagocytic system, whose function is to ingest and digest invading microorganisms, and (2) natural killer (NK) cells, whose function is to kill some tumors, microorganisms, and virally infected cells. The soluble components consist of complement proteins, acute phase reactants, and cytokines. Specific (Adaptive) Immunity 　　Specific immunity has the hallmarks of learning, adaptability, and memory. The cellular component is the lymphocyte, and immunoglobulins (Igs) are the soluble component. Immunodeficiency diseases: A group of diverse conditions caused by one or more immune system defects and characterized clinically by increased susceptibility to infections with consequent severe, acute, recurrent, or chronic disease. 　　　An immunodeficiency disorder should be considered in anyone with infections that are unusually frequent, severe, and resistant; without a symptom-free interval; from an unusual organism; or with unexpected or severe complications. 　　　Since immunodeficiency disorders are relatively uncommon, other disorders leading to recurrent infection should be considered first. If th