清华大学数据库课件Lesson1-简介Introduction.ppt

* * * * Figure 1.02 Figure 1.04 Figure 1.06 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ?Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan 1.* Database System Concepts - 6th Edition Database System Concepts, 6th Ed. ?Silberschatz, Korth and SudarshanSee for conditions on re-use Chapter 1: Introduction Database Management System (DBMS) DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise Collection of interrelated data Set of programs to access the data An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use Database Applications: Banking: transactions Airlines: reservations, schedules Universities: registration, grades Sales: customers, products, purchases Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions Databases can be very large. Databases touch all aspects of our lives University Database Example Application program examples Add new students, instructors, and courses Register students for courses, and generate class rosters Assign grades to students, compute grade point averages (GPA) and generate transcripts In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems Drawbacks of using file systems to store data Data redundancy and inconsistency Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task Data isolation — multiple files and formats Integrity problems Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance 0) become “buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones Drawbacks of using file systems to store data (Cont.) Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all Concurrent a