财大微观经济学第四章(范里安).pptVIP

第四章 市场结构理论 根据不同的市场结构的特征，将市场划分为完全竞争市场、垄断竞争市场、寡头市场和垄断市场四种类型。 第三章我们对竞争行业的行为进行了分析，接下来我们转向另一个极端——垄断。 §4.1 垄断Pure Monopoly 一、垄断的条件或特征 1. 市场上只有一个厂商，并构成一个行业。 2. 厂商生产的产品没有替代品。 3. The monopolist’s demand curve is the (downward sloping) market demand curve. 4. So the monopolist can alter the market price by adjusting its output level. Pure Monopoly Why Monopolies? What causes monopolies? 二、垄断的原因Why Monopolies? a legal fiat（许可）; e.g. US Postal Service a patent; e.g. a new drug sole ownership of a resource; e.g. a toll highway（收费高速公路） formation of a cartel; e.g. OPEC large economies of scale; e.g. local utility companies.（公用事业公司） 三、利润最大化模型 Suppose that the monopolist seeks to maximize its economic profit, What output level y* maximizes profit? Profit-Maximization 或：MR=MC 如果我们假设 p(y)=a-by c(y)=αy 接下来我们可以用下面的图形来分析： Profit-Maximization Profit-Maximization Profit-Maximization Profit-Maximization Profit-Maximization Profit-Maximization Profit-Maximization 四、边际收益Marginal Revenue Marginal Revenue Marginal Revenue Marginal Revenue 五、边际成本Marginal Cost Marginal Cost 六、Profit-Maximization; An Example Profit-Maximization; An Example Profit-Maximization; An Example Profit-Maximization; An Example 七、垄断定价和需求价格弹性Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand Monopolistic Pricing Own-Price Elasticity of Demand 八、成本加成定价 成本加成定价：以成本为基础进行加成。 Output price is the marginal cost of production plus a “markup.” (加在商品成本上以决定售价)的金额 可以很容易地证明加成数一定大于1。 这是因为价格富有弹性。 九、利润稅对垄断厂商的影响A Profits Tax Levied on a Monopoly A profits tax levied at rate t reduces profit from P(y*) to (1-t)P(y*). Q: How is after-tax profit, (1-t)P(y*), maximized? A profits tax levied at rate t redu