第三章 微分方程模型(中文）.pptVIP

生物数学中的斑纹形成Pattern Formations in Math Biology Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Discovery of DNA structure Is DNA the secret of life? Inside every living creature on earth, there is a complex molecular DNA code (gene), which prescribes the creature’s form, growth, development, and behavior Genes are not engineering blueprints, they are recipes in a cookbook. Recipes are different from meals The mathematical laws of physical and chemistry control the growing organisms response to its genetic instructions. Ian Stewart “Life’s other secret” Example 淮南桔，而淮北枳 (California’s orange cannot grow in Florida) Although with same genes, the different chemical environment may produce different creatures. Diffusion u(t,x) : density function of a chemical The chemical will move from high density places to lower density places, this is called diffusion Diffusion is the mechanism of many molecular or cellular motions Diffusion can be described by a heat equation Reaction-diffusion equations Let U(x,t) and V(x,t) be the density functions of two chemicals or species which interact or react Turing’s idea A constant solution u(t,x)=u0, v(t,x)=v0 can be a stable solution of (2), but an unstable solution of (1). Thus the instability is induced by diffusion. On the other hand, there must be stable non-constant equilibrium solutions which have more complicated spatial structure. Alan Turing (1912-1954) An example of Turing patterns by James Murray (author of books: Mathematical Biology) Why do animals’ coats have patterns like spots, or stripes? Murray’s theory Murray suggests that a single mechanism could be responsible for generating all of the common patterns observed. This mechanism is based on a reaction-diffusion system of the morphogen prepatterns, and the subsequent differentiation of the cells to produce melanin simply reflects the spatial patterns of morphogen concentration. Melanin: pigment that affects skin, eye, and hair color in humans and other mammals. M