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A-PARRONDO’S-PARADOX-IN-RELIABILITY-THEORY
A PARRONDO’S PARADOX IN RELIABILITY THEORY∗
Antonio Di Crescenzo
Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica
Universit`a di Salerno
84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy
E-mail: adicrescenzo@unisa.it
Abstract
Parrondo’s paradox arises in sequences of games in which a winning expectation may be
obtained by playing the games in a random order, even though each game in the sequence
may be lost when played individually. We present a suitable version of Parrondo’s paradox
in reliability theory involving two systems in series, the units of the first system being less
reliable than those of the second. If the first system is modified so that the distributions of
its new units are mixtures of the previous distributions with equal probabilities, then under
suitable conditions the new system is shown to be more reliable than the second in the “usual
stochastic order” sense.
Keywords: Series systems, mixtures, usual stochastic order, Parrondo’s games.
AMS 2000 Subject Classification: Primary: 62N05; Secondary: 91A60, 60E15
1 Introduction
In their simpler formulation, Parrondo’s games are composed of two ‘atomic’ games: playing
each atomic game individually the player is led to lose, whereas he may expect to win if the games
are played randomly. These games were first described by Parrondo [12] at a workshop in 1996,
and later studied by Harmer and Abbott [8], [9], and Harmer et al. [11]. The counterintuitive
behavior of Parrondo’s games has been exhibited under several sets of rules, depending on the
player’s current capital or the history of the game. Parrondo’s games can also be thought of
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