5第五章市场结构与企业行为1.ppt

控制不完全竞争弊端的主要政策： 反托拉斯政策：禁止、控制 鼓励竞争：激励中小企业、引入国际竞争 管制：应该做什么 政府所有制：公有化 价格管制 税收 * 经济学家弗里德曼（Milton Friedman）指出： 在以下罪恶中只有一种选择： 不规范的私人垄断 规范的私人垄断 政府操作。 * 在不规范的企业之间注入强有力的竞争，几乎总能使这些破坏性的代价降到最小的程度 几条规则： 消除政府对竞争的限制 记住：关税是垄断之母 促进来自国外企业的有力竞争 尽可能地使用拍卖和竞争性报价 不要怀疑未来技术发展的趋势 鼓励小企业向已有的企业发出挑战 * #To maximize profit, a firm chooses the quantity of output such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. This is also the quantity at which price equals marginal cost. Therefore, the firm’s marginal cost curve is its supply curve. * #In the short run, when a firm cannot recover its fixed costs, the firm will choose to shut down temporarily if the price of the good is less than average variable cost. #In the long run, when the firm can recover both fixed and variable costs, it will choose to exit if the price is less than average total cost. * #In a market with free entry and exit, profits are driven to zero in the long run and all firms produce at the efficient scale. Changes in demand have different effects over different time horizons. #In the long run, the number of firms adjusts to drive the market back to the zero-profit equilibrium. * #A monopoly is a firm that is the sole seller in its market. It faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. A monopoly’s marginal revenue is always below the price of its good. * #Like a competitive firm, a monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal. Unlike a competitive firm, its price exceeds its marginal revenue, so its price exceeds marginal cost. * A monopolist’s profit-maximizing level of output is below the level that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. A monopoly causes deadweight losses similar to the deadweight losses caused by taxes. * Policymakers can respond to the inefficiencies of monopoly behavior with antitrust laws, regulation of prices, or by turning the monopoly into a government-run enterprise. If the market failure is deemed small, policymak