教学论Unit 10.ppt

Unit 10 Teaching Speaking Foreign language Department Xianyang Teachers’ University Differences between spoken and written language .1.Spoken language is spontaneous, written language is well-planned. 2.In spoken English, the sentences are often simple, short, In written language, the sentences are carefully constructed . 3. Spoken language can not be heard again, written language is comparatively permanent.  What features of spoken English does this paragraph show? 1. Incomplete sentences; 2. Ask for repetition or clarification; 3. Full of fillers, pause, hesitation etc.; 4. Elliptical sentences. Characteristics of Oral communication 1. The content and the amount of what is said is not specified /stated clearly/ in advance. 2. It ‘s a two-way process between speakers and listeners. 3. There is some response from the receiver. 4. The speaker changes from time to time ( take turns). 5. The verbal message is often accompanied by a non-verbal message( e.g. facial expression, gestures, body positioning). 6. It allows hesitation and pause. 7. It contains fillers (e.g. “er”, “um”, “uh”). 8. It involves false starts and repetions.  Principles for teaching speaking 1. Balancing accuracy-based with fluency- based practices 2. Contextualising practice 3. Personalising practice 4. Building up confidence 5.Maximising meaningful interactions 6. Helping students develop speaking strategies 7. Making the best of learning environment to provide sufficient language input and practice for the students Conversation techniques 1.start and end a conversation 2. hesitate 3. interrupt others 4. bring others in 5. draw the attention of others 6. keep the conversation going 7. make/assept/refuse invitations 8. ask about likes and dislikes 9. make arrangements 10. ask and give advice and opinions 11. express possibilities and certainties 12. prevent interrupt