关于如何理解物理量熵的若干思考.docVIP

关于如何理解物理量熵的若干思考 吴国玢*1 皇甫泉生2 （1. 上海理工大学 能源与动力工程学院，上海200093；2. 上海理工大学 理学院物理系，上海200093） 摘要：热力学作为物理学最难理解的一门分支学科，其改革与创新至关重要。通过热力学与电学之间的类比，引入了基于直觉认知的热荷和热荷量的概念，由此得出熵就是热荷量的简单而明确的定义。其结果是，熵（热荷量）与热量这两个不同性质的物理量得以清晰地区分开来，从而不仅消除了热力学的抽象性，而且还消除了熵这个物理量原来在概念上的模糊性。以全新的面貌出现的热力学不但有利于我国广大科研和工程技术人员的理解、掌握、应用和创新，有利于提升我国的科技软实力，而且也有利于大中学生的物理教学和热力学知识的普及。 关键词：熵；热荷；热荷量；卡尔斯鲁厄物理教程；物质型物理量；类比 中图分类号：O 055 Considerations on how to understand the physical quantity entropy WU Guo-bin1, HUANGFU Quan-sheng2 （1. College of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; 2. Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science Technology, Shanghai 200093, China） Abstract: It is critical for thermodynamics, the most difficult branch of physics to be reformed and updated. Through the analogy between thermodynamics and electricity, the concepts of thermal charge and quantity of thermal charge are introduced in an intuitive way, from which a simple yet explicit definition is derived --- entropy is the quantity of thermal charge. As a result, the two quantities entropy (quantity of thermal charge) and quantity of heat can be clearly distinguished. This not only eliminates the abstractness of thermodynamics but also the fuzziness of the original concept of entropy. These new ideas in thermodynamics are expected to make it easier for our scientists and engineers to understand, apply and innovate, and therefore to enhance China’s soft power in science and technology. Also, it should be beneficial to our physics teaching in both universities and high schools, as well as to the popularization of thermodynamic knowledge. Key words: entropy; thermal charge; quantity of thermal charge; Karlsruhe Physics Course (KPK); substance-like quantities; analogy 热力学是现代科学技术的最重要的基础理论之一。事实上，目前在解释自然现象、进行科学实验和理论研究、开发新技术新产品，以及设计制造现代机器设备和技术装置等各个方面，热力学所涉及的范围已经超过力学。热力学不仅与人类生存环境和条件息息相关，而且它的应用几乎无处不在。除了能源动力、冶金、石油及天然气、食品、轻工、纺织、化工、生物医药、军事、环保、交通和建筑建材等传统工业领域外，热力学