基于商品零售总额的季节调整方法比较分析-comparative analysis of seasonal adjustment methods based on total retail sales of goods.docxVIP
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基于商品零售总额的季节调整方法比较分析-comparative analysis of seasonal adjustment methods based on total retail sales of goods
摘 要时间序列中以月份和季度为时间观测单位的数据容易受季节因素的影响而出现 季节性的周期变化,这被称为季节因素。由于月度、季度时间序列包含季节变动因素, 季节因素的存在会掩盖与当前经济发展趋势分析直接相关的数据的基本特征,不能客 观的反映出社会经济现象的趋势变动情况和循环周期变动。所谓的季节调整就是将经 济时间序列进行分解,去掉季节项的影响,使时间序列的发展趋势图形由不规则变得 尽可能平滑,这样可以较为准确和客观的研究经济现象的变化情况。传统的季节调整主要是通过移动平均和平滑的方法消除波动性,使序列表现出趋 势,这种方法过于简单和粗糙,没有考虑到数据的特征。之后又出现了 X-11-ARIMA、 X-12-ARIMA、TRAMO/SEATS 等方法,使得季节调整理论研究及方法完善有了新的 飞跃。这些方法在技术上先进,对数据进行季节调整的效果好。但是中国的季节数据 有其独特的特点,比如农历假日的不确定性,假期长度的不稳定性和春节因素的调整 等一系列的问题,这些问题虽有研究,但是其方法没有彻底完善,调整方法没有得到 共识。针对中国季节数据的具体情况,中国的季节调整首先要借鉴 X-12-ARIMA、 TRAMO/SEATS 等方法,这些方法对数据的平滑已经比较成熟,对于波动性的消除 是比较好的,可以直接进行应用。农历节假日在公历月份中变化的问题,采用虚拟变 量的方法,对农历节假日的影响效果进行定量分析。新增节假日的影响效果通过在模 型中加入虚拟变量进行分析,对于长度变化的节假日,其长度变化的影响借鉴贸易日 的调整方法。春节因素的调整,改变过去春节影响时长固定不变的缺点,调整了春节 的影响时长,并且按照距离春节长短的不同采用变化的非线性权数进行调整。通过构 建的季节调整方法,对中国的季节数据进行调整,分析经济现象的变化趋势。经过季 节调整后的数据,很好的消除了季节波动性,更好的反映出了现象的趋势变化。关键词:季节调整X-12-regARIMATRAMO/SEATS春节效应节假日效应AbstractData which is measured in unit of month or season in time series is susceptible to seasonal factors and appears seasonal periodic change, which is called seasonal components. The exist of seasonal components will cover up the fundamental features of data which is directly bound up with the trend analysis of current economic development, and cannot reflect the trend variation or cyclical period change of social economical phenomenon objectively, since monthly or seasonal time series include seasonal change factors. The so-called seasonal adjustments is abandoning the influence of season factor by resolving the economic time series to make the development tendency graphics of time series become as smooth as possible by irregular, then we can study the changes of economical phenomenon more precisely and objectively.Traditional seasonal adjustment eliminates volatility of series to make them show a sort of tendency mainly by moving averages and smoothing methods. This method is too simple and rough to consider the data’s features. Later, the appearance of methods such asX-11-ARIMA、X-12-ARIMA、TRAMO/SEATS brings a new leap in the
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