sql-plsql介绍.pptVIP

Introduction Relational Database Terminology Relating Multiple Tables Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL SQL Statements SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE CREATE ALTER DROP RENAME TRUNCATE COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT GRANT REVOKE About PL/SQL PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with design features of programming languages. Data manipulation and query statements of SQL are included within procedural units of code. Writing Basic SQL Statements Basic SELECT Statement SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table Selecting All Columns Selecting Specific Columns Arithmetic Expressions Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data by using arithmetic operators. Operator Precedence Using Parentheses Defining a Null Value A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space. Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null. Using Column Aliases Using the Concatenation Operator Using Literal Character Strings Duplicate Rows The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows. Eliminating Duplicate Rows Logging In to SQL*Plus From Windows environment: From command line: sqlplus [username[/password [@database]]] Summary Use SQL*Plus as an environment to: Execute SQL statements Edit SQL statements Restricting and Sorting Data Limiting Rows Selected Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause. The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause. Using the WHERE Clause Comparison Operators Using the Comparison Operators Other Comparison Operators Using the BETWEEN Operator Use the BETWEEN operator to display rows based on a range of values. Using the IN Operator Use the IN operator to test for values in a list. Using the LIKE Operator You can combine pattern matching characters. You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for % or _. Using the IS NULL Operator Test for null values with the IS NU