Chapter 1 Introduction and Review 有机化学英文版（美国达拉斯社区学院） 《Organic Chemistry 5th Edition (L.G. Wade JR.)》知识讲稿.pptVIP

Chapter 1 * Chapter 1Introduction and Review Organic Chemistry, 5th EditionL. G. Wade, Jr. Jo Blackburn Richland College, Dallas, TX Dallas County Community College District ? 2003, Prentice Hall Definitions Old: “derived from living organisms” New: “chemistry of carbon compounds” From inorganic to organic, W?hler, 1828 = Atomic Structure protons, neutrons, and electrons isotopes = Atomic Orbitals 2s orbital (spherical) 2p orbital = Electronic Configurations Aufbau principle: Place electrons in lowest energy orbital first. Hund’s rule: Equal energy orbitals are half-filled, then filled. ?? ?? ? = ? Lewis Structures Bonding electrons Nonbonding electrons or lone pairs Satisfy the octet rule! = Multiple Bonding = Dipole Moment Amount of electrical charge x bond length. Charge separation shown by electrostatic potential map (EPM). Red indicates a partially negative region and blue indicates a partially positive region.  = Electronegativity and Bond Polarity Greater ?EN means greater polarity = Calculating Formal Charge For each atom in a valid Lewis structure: Count the number of valence electrons Subtract all its nonbonding electrons Subtract half of its bonding electrons = Ionic Structures X = Resonance Only electrons can be moved (usually lone pairs or pi electrons). Nuclei positions and bond angles remain the same. The number of unpaired electrons remains the same. Resonance causes a delocalization of electrical charge. Example= Resonance Example The real structure is a resonance hybrid. All the bond lengths are the same. Each oxygen has a -1/3 electrical charge.  = Major Resonance Form has as many octets as possible. has as many bonds as possible. has the negative charge on the most electronegative atom. has as little charge separation as possible. Example= Major Contributor? major minor, carbon does not have octet. = Chemical Formulas Full structural formula (no lone pairs shown) Li