chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT教学文稿.pptVIP

TG Grammar TG Grammar has seen several stages of development, involving putting forward, revising, and canceling of many specific rules, hypotheses, mechanisms, and theoretical models. TG Grammar I. Standard theory 标准理论时期: A. Classical theory (1957-1965): Syntactic Structure 《句法结构》 B. Standard theory (1965-1970): Aspects of the Theory of Syntax 《句法理论的若干问题》 C.Revised extended standard theory （1970-1979）： TG Grammar II. Principles and parameters 原则和参数方法时期 A. The theory of government and binding (1979-1993)： Lectures on Government and Binding 《管辖和约束论集》 B. Minimalist program（1993- present) The Minimalist Program (1995)《最简方案》 TG grammar 83-87 Innateness hypothesis 天赋论 （269-270） Competence and performance （16-17） Generative Transformation Deep structure and surface structure（85） Standard Theory （85） Language Acquisition Device (LAD)语言习得机制 Chomsky believes that a child is born with LAD, which probably consists of three elements: a hypothesis-making device（语言的假设,linguistic universal(语言普遍性) , and an evaluation procedure(评价 ). Innateness Hypothesis RDUILO[‘]\ Chomsky believe that the language-acquiring ability of the human mind is an innate, genetically carried attribute that is possessed by no other creature. The intuitive rules for language we learn are predominantly syntactic. Language Acquisition Device Chomsky’s hypothesis is based on : the failure in training the chimps; the success in spite of the limited input of poor quality; the same stages of linguistic development; the acquisition of a set of rules rather than individual sentences. Syntactic rules The syntactic rules in a grammar must at least account for: The grammaticality of sentences Word order Structural ambiguity Grammatical relations Whether different structures have differing meanings The creative aspect of Language. Phrase structure tree 1 A tree diagram with syntactic category information provided is called a phrase structu