Chapter 4 The Study of Chemical Reactions 有机化学英文版（美国达拉斯社区学院） 《Organic Chemistry 5th Edition (L.G. Wade JR.)》幻灯片课件.pptVIP

Chapter 4The Study of Chemical Reactions;Tools for Study;Chlorination of Methane;Free-Radical Chain Reaction;Initiation Step;Overall Reaction;Termination Steps;Equilibrium constant;Free Energy Change;Problem;Factors Determining ?G?;Enthalpy;Entropy;Bond Dissociation Energy;Which is more likely?;Kinetics;Reaction Order;Activation Energy;Reaction-Energy Diagrams;Energy Diagram for a Two-Step Reaction;Rate-Determining Step;Rate, Ea, and Temperature;Conclusions;Chlorination of Propane;Reactivity of Hydrogens;Predict the Product Mix;Free Radical Stabilities;Chlorination Energy Diagram;There are six 1? H’s and two 2? H’s. We expect 3:1 product mix, or 75% 1-bromopropane and 25% 2-bromopropane. Typical product mix: 3% 1-bromopropane and 97% 2-bromopropane !!! Bromination is more selective than chlorination. = ;To compare hydrogen reactivity, find amount of product formed per hydrogen: 3% 1-bromopropane from 6 hydrogens and 97% 2-bromopropane from 2 hydrogens. 3% ? 6 = 0.5% per primary H and97% ? 2 = 48.5% per secondary H Secondary H’s are 48.5% ? 0.5% = 97 times more reactive toward bromination than primary H’s.  = ;Bromination Energy Diagram;Bromination vs. Chlorination;Endothermic and Exothermic Diagrams;Hammond Postulate;Radical Inhibitors;Reactive Intermediates;Carbocation Structure;Carbocation Stability;Free Radicals;Carbanions;Carbenes;End of Chapter 4