Meta-Analysis A Gentle Introduction to Research Synthesis资料.ppt

Fixed Effects Assumes one population effect size Effect size variance = sampling error (subjects) Weights represent study variance due to sampling error associated with the subjects (sample size) Testing Hypotheses:Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects * Random Effects Assumes population effect size is a normal distribution of values (i.e. not one effect size) Effect size variance = sampling error (subjects) + random effects (study) Weights represent study variance due to sampling error associated with the subjects (sample size) and sampling of studies (random effects variance component) Testing Hypotheses:Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects * Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects: Which model to use? Aspects to consider: Statistics – decision based on the outcome of the homogeneity of effect sizes statistic (conditionally random-effects) Desired Inferences – decision based on the inferences that the researcher would like to make Conditional Inferences (fixed effect model): Researcher can only generalize to the studies included in the meta-analysis Unconditional Inferences (random effect model): Researcher can generalize beyond the studies included in the meta-analysis Number of studies – when the number of studies is small fixed effects may be more appropriate Testing Hypotheses:Fixed Effects vs. Random Effects * Fixed effects weight Random effects weight For standardized mean difference: Testing Hypotheses:Estimation of Weights * Fixed effects Random effects Testing Hypotheses:Weighted Mean Effect Size * Also called Random Effects Variance Component (REVC), symbolized with Used to calculate random effects weights Three methods to calculate Observed variance Q based Maximum likelihood Testing Hypotheses:Estimates of Effect Size Variance * Observed variance: Q based: Maximum likelihood: Testing Hypotheses:Estimates of Effect Size Variance * Significance testing: Confidence interval (95% CI): Testing Hypotheses:Significance Testing and Confid