操作系统Chapter11_OSIO Management and Disk Scheduling幻灯片课件.ppt

* I/O Management and Disk Scheduling Chapter 11 I/O devices I/O Buffer Disk scheduling RAID (独立磁盘冗余阵列) Disk Management * 11.1 Categories of I/O Devices Human readable Used to communicate with the user Printers Video display terminals Display Keyboard Mouse Machine readable Used to communicate with electronic equipment Disk and tape drives Sensors Controllers Actuators Communication Used to communicate with remote devices Digital line drivers Modems 或者 存储设备，输入输出设备 显示器，打印机 磁盘磁带，传感器 调制解调器 * Differences in I/O Devices Data rate May be differences of several orders of magnitude between the data transfer rates 差9个数量级 * Differences in I/O Devices Application Complexity of control Unit of transfer Data may be transferred as a stream of bytes for a terminal or in larger blocks for a disk Data representation Encoding schemes Error conditions Devices respond to errors differently 差异性 * 11.2.1 Evolution of the I/O Function Processor directly controls a peripheral device Controller or I/O module is added Processor uses programmed I/O without interrupts Processor does not need to handle details of external devices * Direct Memory Access Processor delegates I/O operation to the DMA module DMA module transfers data directly to or form memory When complete DMA module sends an interrupt signal to the processor * DMA * DMA Configurations * DMA Configurations * Operating System Design Issues Efficiency Most I/O devices extremely slow compared to main memory Use of multiprogramming allows for some processes to be waiting on I/O while another process executes I/O cannot keep up with processor speed Swapping is used to bring in additional Ready processes which is an I/O operation * Operating System Design Issues Generality Desirable to handle all I/O devices in a uniform manner Hide most of the details of device I/O in lower-level routines so that processes and upper levels see devices in general terms such as read, write, open, close, lock, unlock * * 11.4 I/O Buffering