材料物理教材chapter 19 optical properties.pptVIP

* ISSUES TO ADDRESS... ? What happens when light shines on a material? ? Why do materials have characteristic colors? ? Optical applications: --luminescence --photoconductivity --solar cell --laser --optical communications fibers ? Why are some materials transparent and other not? CHAPTER 19:OPTICAL PROPERTIES * Electromagnetic Wave Propagation * Electromagnetic Radiation-Waves EM radiation travels in a vacuum at the speed of light (c=3*108 m/s). The speed of light is related to dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability of a vacuum. The frequency and wavelength are also related to c. The energy of light (photons) with a given frequency (or wavelength) is related to Planck’s constant (h=6.63*10-34 J*sec). Radiation can thus be defined in terms of energy, frequency, or wavelength. ? ???? 为马克斯·普朗克对普朗克常数的发现设立于柏林洪堡大学的纪念牌匾。德语翻译： 马克斯·普朗克，基本常数的发现者 ，从1889年至1928年在这个大楼教过书， * EM Radiation Spectrum Spans from gamma rays (radioactive materials) to x-rays, UV, visible, IR, microwave, radio/tv * Applications of various waves/photons 消毒 * Band structure of materials Recall back to discussions of band structure: Transitions between bands only allowed for certain energies: Although a little bit of energy is available to every electron at room temperature (kT=25meV): they can only conduct current in a metal where there are vacant band states available. For a semiconductor, a bandgap exists without any available band states within 25meV of the electron. Thus, no conductivity. Note that photons can transfer their energy to electrons, or vice versa. Optics can thus tell us about band structure, or band structure about the optical response. * ATOMIC AND ELECTRONIC INTERACTIONS Alternatively, only photons of certain energies can be absorbed by any particular atom (or crystal). * ? Absorption of photons by electron transition: ? Absorption is usually very small (less than 5%) ? Metals have a fine succession of energy states. ? Near-surface electrons abso