材料物理教材Chapter 3 metal and ceramic.pptVIP

3.9 CARBON Some metals, as well as nonmetals, may have more than one crystal structure, a phenomenon known as polymorphism(同质多晶). When found in elemental solids, the condition is often termed allotropy(同素异形). The prevailing crystal structure depends on both the temperature and the external pressure. (graphite diamond) Pure iron has a BCC crystal structure at room temperature, which changes to FCC iron at 912 oC (1674F). 3.10 POLYMORPHISM AND ALLOTROPY 3.11 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS Based on the unit cell geometry, crystalline structure can be divided into seven groups. The unit cell geometry is completely de?ned in terms of six parameters: the three edge lengths a, b, and c, and the three interaxial angles a,b, and g. These are indicated in Figure 3.19, and are sometimes termed the lattice parameters of a crystal structure. The volume of the unit cell can be calculated by evaluating a · b × c where a, b, and c are the lattice vectors. The volumes of the Bravais lattices are given below: Lattice system Volume Triclinic ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Monoclinic ?????????????????????? Orthorhombic ???????? Tetragonal ???????? rhombohedral ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Hexagonal ????????????????????? Cubic ?????  Space group In crystallography, they are also called the crystallographic or Fedorov groups, and represent a description of the symmetry of the crystal. A definitive source regarding 3-dimensional space groups is the International Tables for Crystallography. The space groups in three dimensions are made from combinations of the 32 crystallographic point groups with the 14 Bravais lattices, each of the latter belonging to one of 7 lattice systems. This results in a space group being some combination of the translational symmetry of a unit cell including lattice centering, the point group symmetry operations of ref