水域生态学教材09 种群生态(modified).pptVIP

;Outline;1. Properties of Populations;种群生态学population ecology ：研究种群生长、波动、扩散及种内、种间相互关系的科学;研究种群生态之目的;2.种群参数Population Parameters;2.1 Population Density (abundance);侧枝构件的生长，示基株original genet及其无性系分株ramets。由于所有 ramets在基因上完全一致，因此 the ramets 一起构成 genet. ;构件生物的例子: (i) duckweed, 随着生长分离出ramets; (ii) grasses, ramets以匍匐枝stolons或根茎rhizomes联系; (iii) trees, 以构件增加的方式生长;特定(单位)面积或体积生境内的个体数;种群密度的变化特点：;Body size and population density of herbivorous mammals;Allee effect(阿利效应）: 最大种群增长出现在中等密度时 maximal population growth may occur at moderate density.;根据密度可将物种分为：;稀有性 Rarity受以下因素影响 ;Commonness, rarity, and vulnerable to extinction;最小生存种群Minimum viable population (MVP);种群密度统计;抽样调查法Sampling methods 样方法Use of quadrats：the general procedure in this technique is to count all the individuals on several quadrats of known size and then to extrapolate the average count to the whole ;标志重捕法Mark-recapture methods： the technique of capture, marking, release, and recapture is an important one for mobile animals, because it allows not only an estimate of density, but also estimates of birth rate and death rate, migration route. Used mainly on larger forms, such as butterflies, snails, beetles, and many vertebrates, that can be readily marked.;Petersen method;标记重捕法的3个重要前提（假设）;相对密度Indices of Relative Density (多度指数Index of abundance);2.2 出生率和死亡率Natality Mortality;出生率 Natality;死亡率Mortality (存活率survival);最小死亡率Minimum mortality 生态死亡率Ecological mortality 死亡率测定: 直接方法: 如标志重捕法 间接方法: 如根据种群年龄组相对丰度变化的连续观测分析 the relative abundance of successive age groups in the population;2.3迁入和迁出(Immigration emigration);扩散Dispersal;种群分布;2.4种群内个体分布型式Dispersion of Individuals within Populations;Dispersion of Population;Causes of Dispersion Even spacing may arise from direct interactions among individuals: maintenance of minimum distance between individuals or direct competition for limited resources may cause this pattern Clumped distribution may arise from: social predisposition to form groups clumped distributions of resources