水域生态学教材Community Ecology(中文版）.ppt

Definition Interspecific interactions Community structure Community succession ;1. 群落定义;群落定义;群落的不同观点;群落的不同观点;种间关系;2.1 互利共生 (Mutualism);Mutualism – two species provide resources or services to each other ? enhances fitness of both species;Mutualism. The greenish-brown specks in these coral polyps are zooxanthellae, algae that live symbiotically within the coral’s tissue and supply the coral with carbon and nitrogen compounds. In return, the coral provides its zooxanthellae with nitrogen in the form of ammonia.;Mutualism: cleaner wrasse (隆头鱼) and sea bass (鮨);Mutualism: hummingbird and flower;2.2 偏利共栖 (Commensalism);Commensalism– one species receives a benefit from another species ? enhances fitness of one species; no effect on fitness of the other species;Commensalism. Fishes, such as this individual of Amphiprion periderion (双锯鱼) in Guam, often form symbiotic associations with sea anemones (海葵), gaining protection by remaining among their tentacles and gleaning scraps from their food;2.3 竞争Competition ;竞争方式;竞争方式;Strongest competition is between similar species: ecological niche ！;生态位 (Niche);生态位;生态位;生态位;生态位;(高斯)竞争排斥原理 (Cause’s competitive exclusion principle)：占有相同生态位的两个物种不能永远共存 (two species with identical niches cannot coexist infinitely).;避免竞争 Avoiding competition;避免竞争 Avoiding competition;竞争和移居的权衡Competition-colonization tradeoffs;生态位分化理论在渔业上的应用;;Lotka-Volterra 竞争模型;The orientation of isoclines for zero population growth and the outcome of competition according to the Lotka-Volterra competition model;;Lotka-Volterra 竞争模型: 结论;2.4 捕食作用Predation and Herbivory;Specialization that has occurred in diet for a number of closely related small species of the genus Haplochromis in Lake Malawi;最佳摄食 (Optimal foraging )：使食物摄取最大化，而花费在获取食物上的时间和能量最小化的一种策略。;捕食者对猎物种群密度增长的反应 ;The total response of the predators is illustrated by the following simple flow chart;捕食者对猎物密度增长的三种功能反应: (a) 根据猎物消耗数量所作功能反应; (b) 根据猎物消耗的比例所作的功能反应。类型Ⅰ: 捕食者不管猎物密度大小，消耗恒定比例的猎物；类型 ???: 当猎物食欲接近确定的食物消耗上限时，捕食率下降；