电子与 及通信工程专业英语Unit 14 Temperature Sensors.pptVIP

Unit 14 Temperature Sensors;　　One of the primary methods for electrical measurement of temperature involves changes in the electrical resistance of certain materials. In this, as well as other cases, the principle measurement technique is to place the temperature-sensing device in contact with the environment whose temperature is to be measured. The sensing device then takes on the temperature of the environment. Thus a measure of its resistance indicates the temperature of the device and the environment must wait until the device comes into thermal equilibrium with the environment.; The two basic devices used are the Resistance-Temperature Detector (RTD), based on the variation of metal resistance with temperature, and the thermistor, based on the variation of semiconductor resistance with temperature[1]. 　　There exists another dependence of electrical behavior of materials on temperature that forms the basis of a large percentage of all temperature measurement. This effect is characterized by a voltage-generating sensor in which an electromotive force (emf) is produced that is proportional to temperature. ;Such an emf is found to be almost linear with temperature and very repeatable for constant materials. Devices that measure temperature on the basis of this thermoelectric principle are called thermocouples (TCs).;　　1．Metal resistance versus temperature　　A metal is assemblage of atoms in the solid state in which the individual atoms are in an equilibrium position with superimposed vibration induced by the thermal energy[2]. The chief characteristic of a metal is the fact that each atom gives up one electron, called its valence electron, that can move freely throughout the material; that is, it becomes a conduction electron. We say, then, for the whole material, that the valence band of electrons and conduction band of electrons in the material overlap in energy, as shown in Fig?14.1(a). ;which causes even more collision with electrons [3], further impeding the