博士学位研究生试题A.doc

西北大学2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生试题 科目名称：高等有机化学 科目代码：2025 共 4 页 一、回答下列问题（分） 1. 2. 举例说明什么是极性转换。、写出下列反应的主要产物（30分） 三、合成（0分） 四、翻译下列英文成中文（20分） We have seen how intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interactions determine the properties of liquids and the strengths of solute-solvent interactions. These same forces also lead to molecular recognition-the specific, non-covalent association between a receptor molecule and a particular substrate. Nature is a master of molecular recognition. Whether it is an enzyme-substrate, antibody-antigen, or neuroreceptor-neurotransmitter pair, large molecules bind smaller molecules tightly and specifically, and binding of this type is at the heart of most biological processes. In addition, large molecules interact with other large molecules to form elaborate multisubunit complexes. In each case a large number of weak interactions cooperate to produce a substantial effect. Inspired by natures prowess, physical organic chemists have attempted to mimic the binding events of biological systems. Immediately, certain key questions arise. What forces will be most useful in such systems? What is the role of solvation? How do we design an artificial receptor? Can synthetic catalysts with enzyme-like properties be built? By characterizing such model systems, physical organic chemists hope to learn how natures receptors work. Also, the possibility of designing useful new catalysts or sensors by mimicking natural systems is quite real. Our overview of molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry cannot be exhaustive. The fields are exploding at an astounding rate. Our focus will be upon the energetics of different binding interactions, the fundamental origins of these interactions, and the guiding principles for creating complex ensembles of molecules. Further, the analysis of affinity constants and the △H° and △S° of binding, as well as the manner in which they are measured, are covered. We will see that solvati