建筑学专业外语论文格式参考.doc

河 北 建 筑 工 程 学 院 专业外语（作业） 题 目 The Orders 学 科 专 业 建筑学 班 级 建 132 班 姓 名 王 巍 学 号 2013301201 指 导 教 师 席岳琳 提 交 日 期 2016年1月10日 成 绩 The Orders Abstract In ancient Greece, probably around the sixth century BC, architects and stonemasons developed a system of design rules and guidelines that they could use in any building whose construction was based on the column. These guidelines later became known as the orders and they went on to have a huge influence, not only in ancient Greece and Rome, but also in later architecture all over Europe, America and beyond. Keywords: The orders; building; influence Introduction Existing Column mainly produced in Greece and Rome were developing, there are several significant differences Column. The orders are most easily recognized by their columns, especially by the capitals- the features that crown each column. The three Greek orders are Doric, with its plain capitals, Ionic, with its capital made up of volutes or scrolls, and the Corinthian, which has capitals decorated with the foliage of the acanthus plant. The simple Doric order was invented first, and some scholars believe that its design, used with such flair by Greek stonemasons, originated in timber building. Doric temples, such as the Heraion at Olympia, go back to c.590 BC. The Ionic appeared soon afterwards, while the earliest Corinthian columns date to the fifth century BC. To these three the Romans added two further orders, the plain Tuscan and the highly ornate Composite, which combines the scrolls of the Corinthian. In several existing Column, each Column has a unique structure and the proportion of pro. There is much more to the orders than the columns and capitals, because what the column supports is also part of the order. Above the column is a lintel made up of three horiz