(神经生物学课件）5、递质系统（临床医学5年制）知识介绍.pptVIP

Neurotransmitter Chemistry The synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan. 色氨酸 5-羟色氨酸 5-羟色胺 色氨酸羟化酶 5-羟基色氨酸 脱羧酶 Neurotransmitter Chemistry Amino Acidergic Neurons glutamate (Glu) Glycine (Gly) GABA Amino acid neurotransmitters Glu, Gly, and GABA serve as neurotransmitters at most CNS synapses Glutamate and glycine are synthesized from glucose and other precursors by enzymes existing in all cells. Differences among neurons are quantitative rather than qualitative. e.g. the glutamatergic terminals have about 20 mM Glu, only 2-3 times higher than nonglutamatergic cells. Importantly, in glutamatergic terminalss, but not in other’s, the glutamate transporter concentrates Glu in SVs to reach about 50 mM. Neurotransmitter Chemistry GABA is not one of the 20 amino acids used to construct proteins, it is synthesized in large quantities only by the neurons that use it as a neurotransmitter. The precursor for GABA is glutamate. The key synthesizing enzyme is glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), a good marker for GABAergic neurons. One chemical step to convert the major excitatory into the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain! The synaptic actions of GABA are terminated by selective uptake into the terminals and glia via specific Na+-dependent transporters. Inside the cytosol, GABA is metabolized by the enzyme GABA transaminase. GAD Other Neurotransmitter Candidates and Intercellular Messengers ATP is concentrated in vesicles at many synapses in the CNS and PNS, released into the cleft by presynaptic spikes in a Ca2+-dependent manner. ATP is often packaged in vesicles along with another classic transmitter (e.g. catecholamine) which means they are probably co-transmitters. ATP directly excites some neurons by gating a cation channel. ATP binds to purinergic receptors, both transmitter-gated ion channels and a large class of G-protein coupled purinergic receptors. Neurotransmitter Chemistry The interesting discovery in the past