机械制造基础考试重点（Key points of mechanical manufacturing foundation examination）.docVIP

机械制造基础考试重点（Key points of mechanical manufacturing foundation examination） Crystal structure of common metals: BCC lattice, close packed cubic lattice, six square lattice. The concept of single crystal: the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of a single crystal in different directions are different, that is, anisotropy. The actual metal is polycrystalline structure, so it shows isotropic properties macroscopically. Defects in crystals: these crystal defects can be classified into three categories: point defects, line defects and surface defects. The cooling curve and cooling phenomenon of pure metals: the process that metals change from liquid to solid crystals is called crystallization. The cooling process of pure metal from liquid to solid can be expressed by the curve of cooling and temperature measured in the process of cooling, which is called thermal analysis. The difference between theoretical crystal temperature T0 and actual crystallization temperature T1 = T = T0 - T1 is called undercooling. The undercooling degree is not a constant value. The greater the cooling rate of liquid metal is, the lower the actual crystallization temperature T is, and the greater the undercooling degree is, the greater the T value. The actual metal is always crystallized in supercooled conditions, so supercooling is a necessary condition for metal crystallization. Crystallization process of metals When the liquid metal is cooled to the crystallization temperature, its crystallization process is: first, a lot of crystal nucleus (nucleation) is produced in the liquid, and the crystal nucleus has been growing up. The relationship between grain size and mechanical properties of metal: at room temperature, fine grain metal has higher strength, hardness, plasticity and toughness than coarse grain metal. In production, the method of refining grain is as follows: (1) increase supercooling degree Increasing undercooling degree during crystallization will reduce grain size after