内科学精品教学课件（时国朝）05 Heart Failure.pptVIP

* Treatment of Heart Failure Angiotensin Converting-Enzyme Inhibits (ACEI) Indications. ACE-inhibitors probably constitute the cornerstone of drug therapy for heart failure, in that administration over time leads to amelioration of symptoms, beneficial hemodynamic changes, increased functional capacity, regression of structural changes, and, unequivocally, prolongation of survival. Thus, ACE-inhibitors are first-line therapy, not only in symptomatic heart failure patients, but also in patients with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. The exact degree of ventricular dysfunction below which it is advisable to begin therapy with an ACE-inhibitor has not been defined; however, in general terms they can be helpful in patients with ejection fractions less than 35%. * Treatment of Heart Failure. Angiotensin Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI) : Undesirable Effects These can be classified into two groups. One group includes those effects that are inherent to its mechanism of action, and therefore are common to all ACE-inhibitors. The other includes those effects that are related to the specific chemical structure of the drug. In this case, substitution of one ACE-inhibitor for another could possibly reduce the intensity of the adverse reaction (e.g. choosing an ACE-inhibitor without a sulfhydryl moiety). * Treatment of Heart Failure Angiotensin Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI) Contraindications. There are few absolute contraindications for the use of ACE-inhibitors. The most important one is the presence of renal artery stenosis. The most frequent contraindication is intolerance of the drug. Hypotension, the presence of renal insufficiency, or hyperkalemia limits their use, or the ability to administer adequate doses, in up to 20% of patients. * * Treatment of heart failure. Digoxin: Mechanism of action Digoxin attaches to specific receptors which form a part of the enzyme, Na+/K+-dependent ATP-ase (sodium pump), inhibiting it. This blockade produces a