初一地理上册知识点地球和地图（The first census geographic knowledge points Earth and map）.doc

初一地理上册知识点地球和地图（The first census geographic knowledge points Earth and map） Chapter 1 earth and map Section 1 earth and earth instruments Recognize the shape and size of the earth 1. the human understanding of earth processes: Tianyuandifang rarr days; such as hats, such as flip disc → Magellan led a fleet of one week around the earth → earth satellite photos. 2. the shape of the earth: in 1519 ~1522, the Magellan fleet completed a global tour to confirm that the earth is a sphere, and that he is an irregular sphere with a slightly flattened equator and a slightly flattened pole. 3. the size of the earth: The polar radius of the earth: 6357 km The radius of the earths equator: 6378 kilometers The average radius of the earth: 6371 km The largest circumference of the earth: about 40 thousand kilometers The surface area of the earth is 510 million square kilometers Two. Earth model — globe 1. globe: people imitate the shape of the earth, and shrink it in a certain proportion, making the earth model — globe. People use different colors, symbols and words to represent the location, shape and name of things such as land, oceans, mountains, rivers and lakes, countries and cities. 2. function: the globe can help us to know the face of the earth and understand the distribution of the various geographical things on the earths surface. Three. Latitude and longitude 1. latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earths axis and circling the earth for one week. (all the parallels are unequal, the longest latitude is the equator, indicating the east-west direction). 2. Meridian: a semicircle connected to the north and south poles and perpendicular to the equator. (all the lengths of the meridians are equal, and only the north and south directions, the meridian circle must be the corresponding two meridians, that is, the degree of the two meridians and the 180° and the earth is divided into two equal semicircle. 3. longitude and latitude: in order to distinguish the longitude and latit