ACCA F 业绩管理Performance Management（上）.doc

ACCA F5教材茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥 T茨肥茨肥Original budget茨肥Flexed budget茨肥Actual茨肥Variances茨肥茨肥Sales茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Variable costs茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Fixed costs茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Profit茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Test your understanding 13茨肥茨肥茨肥Flexible budget茨肥Actual茨肥Variance茨肥Number of units sold (000)茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥 茨肥 S茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Variable cost of sales茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Materials茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Labour茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Overheads茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Fixed labour cost茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥 茨肥茨肥茨肥Gross profit茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Selling and distribution costs茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Fixed茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Variable茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Administration costs茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Fixed茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Variable茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥 茨肥茨肥茨肥Net profit茨肥茨肥茨肥茨肥Possible reasons茨肥Sales (adverse) – the volume variance is favourable so the adverse variance must be due to price being less than planned.茨肥Materials (favourable) – could be due to bulk purchase, resulting in a lower unit price.茨肥Variable labour (adverse) – could be due to inefficient working by direct labour.茨肥Fixed labour (favourable) – could be due to employees leaving and not being replaced.茨肥Fixed selling overheads (adverse) – could be due to additional fixed advertising costs.茨肥Variable selling overheads (favourable) – could be due to lower running costs of distribution vehicles.茨肥Fixed administration overheads (favourable) – better computer systems reduces the number of accountants needed!茨肥茨肥To be fair, the budget needs to be flexed to the actual level of 720,000 in order to compare ‘like with like’.茨肥茨肥茨肥Separation of fixed and variable costs: Whereas separating out a gas bill between standing charge and usage is relatively straightforward, labour is more convoluted especially if pay structure is complicated and involves an element of both (e.g. piece rate plus fixed bonuses).茨肥Nature of fixed costs: In the long-term, all costs are variable. An apparently fixed cost will turn out to be a stepped cost, e.g. the need to hire a new machine once output reaches a certain level.茨肥Historical information: Standards must be kept up to date as much as possible but the past is not necessarily an indicato