Computational Fluid Dynamics in Biomedical Systems生物医学中的计算流体力学.ppt

Mathematical Model Air flow at low speeds is well predicted by the incompressible form of the Navier-Stokes Equations Air at low speeds is a constant-property, Newtonian fluid Flow is mostly laminar in small airways Rigid walls are a valid first approximation Geometric Domain Airway tree is hopelessly complex Branching pattern is not reproducible Surfaces of Selected Model Discretization of Geometry Structured, finite-volume grid Discretizaton Algorithm Finite volume formulation (enforce conservation laws) Implicit time stepping (solution is computed at new time level) Inherently stable because closer to physics Larger time steps possible Newton iteration to converge each time step Visualization of Results Animation of Simulation of Flow in an Asymmetric Bifurcation Lung airways do not branch symmetrically Effects of axial curvature important Real flow does not enter smoothly Inlet outlet conditions unknown Colors represent fluid speed Skewness due to friction and curvature Details not available from experiment Colored profiles act like porous membranes which stretch in proportion to the local fluid speed. Oscillatory Flow in a Lung-Like Bifurcation * Common terms such as fluid, viscosity, density, turbulence, shear, strain, and pressure need to be carefully defined before an intelligence discussion of CFD is possible. It is also important to note that computational fluid dynamics arose from efforts to numerically approximate the accepted, classical equations of fluid motion. Thus CFD is somethwat different from biological modeling, in which equations are developed based on experimental data and some assumed mathematical behavior. (Of course, it must be conceded that the original equations of fluid motion were verified by experimental observation, and the free constants in them determined by measurement.) In this discussion today, however, we want to take a physically intuitive approach to CFD. We will take it for granted that we all believe in the clas