国外普通心理学课件lecture3.pptVIP

Psychology as a Science Theory development involves collecting interrelated ideas and observations Taken together, these describe, explain, and predict behaviour Three Principles of Scientific Endeavour One principle followed by scientists in trying to be empirical is objectivity Being objective means not being biased or using preconceived notions Three Principles of Scientific Endeavour A second principle is accuracy Accuracy means gathering data in precise ways Three Principles of Scientific Endeavour The third principle is healthy skepticism Healthy skepticism means taking a cautious view of data, hypotheses, and theories Principle of Convergence Scientific Method in Psychology Scientists develop theories through the scientific method The first step is to state the problem The second step is to develop a hypothesis Scientific Method Step three is to design a study The fourth step is that data must be collected and analyzed The fifth step is replicating the results The sixth step is drawing conclusions and reporting results Experimental Method Psychological research often takes the form of an experiment The independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter The second type of variable is the dependent variable Experimental Method The experimental group “receives” the independent variable The control group is a comparison group Participants are randomly divided into two groups by random assignment Experimental Method Operational definition is defining a variable in terms of the set of methods or procedures used to measure that variable Experimental Method The sample is a group of participants representative of the population The population is the entire group you might be interested in studying Experimental Method In an experiment, a significant difference is unlikely to have occurred because of chance alone Avoiding Pitfalls Expectations may influence researchers’ findings A self-fulfilling prophecy is the unwitting creation by a researcher of a situa