2-Biochemistry-16-protein-2_药学_医药卫生_专业资料.pptVIP

homework 1, What kinds of molecules are biomolecules? 2, How do the properties of biomolecules reflect their fitness to the living condition? 3, What is the organization and structure of cells? 4, What are the structures and properties of amino acids? 5, What are the acid-base properties of amino acids? 6, What is the nature of amino acid sequences? 7, What are the noncovalent interactions that dictate and stabilize protein structure? Versatile 多用途的 embodiment n. 体现； 化身； 具体化 diverse 多种多样的 * exclusively 专门地，特定地 * methyl group * thioether (-S-) group * Methylene 亚甲基 * imidazole 咪唑 * The Purification of Proteins Is an Essential First Step in Understanding Their Function Differential Centrifugation. Cells are disrupted in a homogenizer and the resulting mixture, called the homogenate, is centrifuged in a step-by-step fashion of increasing centrifugal force. The denser material will form a pellet at lower centrifugal force than will the less-dense material. The isolated fractions can be used for further purification. [Photographs courtesy of S. Fleischer and B. Fleischer.] Dialysis. Protein molecules (red) are retained within the dialysis bag, whereas small molecules (blue) diffuse into the surrounding medium. Gel Filtration Chromatography. A mixture of proteins in a small volume is applied to a column filled with porous beads. Because large proteins cannot enter the internal volume of the beads, they emerge sooner than do small ones. Ion-Exchange Chromatography. This technique separates proteins mainly according to their net charge. Affinity Chromatography. Affinity chromatography of concanavalin A (shown in yellow) on a solid support containing covalently attached glucose residues (G). High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Gel filtration by HPLC clearly defines the individual proteins because of its greater resolving power: (1) thyroglobulin (669 kd), (2) catalase (232 kd), (3) bovine serum albumin (67 kd), (4) ovalbumin (43 kd), and (5) ribonuclease (