Empirical Evidence on Law Enforcement - LSE - …：执法-伦敦证交所的经验证据—….pptVIP

Economics of Crime Lent Term Ec 423: Labour Economics Lecture 10 Economics vs. Other Models of Crime Individual factors Stress/strain Revenge Social Factors Learning/association Community tolerance/acceptance The Economics Approach is Incentive-based A Model of Punishment (Becker’s) All potential criminals have a benefit of crime (denoted B) includes financial benefits Psychic cost/benefit of crime An individual committing crime faces costs from law-enforcement activities the probability of punishment (denoted p) times the costs of punishment which comes from the length of sentence (denoted C“) assuming risk neutrality The returns from the legal sector are denoted W Who is a Criminal? Assume that wages equal W + ε, where ε is distributed throughout the population (distribution F(ε) admits density f(ε) ) —this ε represents some idiosyncratic individual wage component Become a criminal if: B-pC W+ ε Marginal criminal defined by ε*= B –pC – W The total number of criminals: F(B-pC-W) Criminals are people whose legal returns are less than W+ ε* Heterogeneity in B and C means in reality criminals are not only members of society with the lowest wages. 3 Comparative Statics # Criminals decreases if B decrease (Change in returns to Crime) p/C increase (Change in the cost of Crime) W increase (Change in Opportunity cost of Crime) We are going to focus on the cost of crime today Outline Data Policing Incarceration Sentencing Policy Special Cases Capital Punishment Intimate Partner Violence Juvenile Crime Violent and Property Crime Rates Incarceration Rate per 100,000 and Index I Crime Rate Data on the Criminal Justice System Data Sources - 1 Surveys victimization survey General population, asking about crime Crime reports Measures incidents May have information about victim and nature of crime May have no information or police “guesses” on offender Data Sources - 2 Arrest Data If crime committed, reported, and investigated Police fin