烟草危害与控烟行动ppt课件.ppt

* * 2007版《中国临床戒烟指南》的调查数据显示（左图），吸烟可以导致多种疾病 吸烟致死的疾病中COPD（即慢性非阻塞性肺疾病）占45%，肺癌占15%，食管癌、胃癌、 肝癌、脑卒中、CHD（指冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病）和肺结核各占5%～8%。 吸烟是许多疾病的患病危险因素，烟草几乎可以损害人体的所有器官，诸如心血管系统、呼吸系统、生殖系统、内分泌腺和皮肤等。 与吸烟相关的疾病及病变包括高血压、CHD、中风、消化性溃疡、癌症（肺、唇、口、鼻、咽、喉、食管、胃、肝、肾、膀胱、胰腺和子宫颈）、COPD、哮喘、血栓闭塞性脉管炎、阳萎、主动脉瘤、周围血管病、粒细胞性白血病、肺炎、白内障、克隆病、髋关节骨折、牙周病等。 * * * * * * 由于吸烟造成的健康损害具有长期滞后性的特点，吸烟10年、20年甚至更长时间相关疾病才能出现，所以在疾病出现之前，吸烟者往往认识不到吸烟的危害。戒烟会带来很多好处，而且效果立竿见影，戒烟越早，好处越多。 如戒烟20分钟，心率下降 ；戒烟12小时，血中一氧化碳（CO）水平降至正常；戒烟2周-3个月，循环系统功能及肺功能得到改善 ；戒烟1-9个月，咳嗽及呼吸短促发生减少，肺部纤毛恢复正常功能；戒烟1年，冠心病患者额外风险降至吸烟者的 50% ；戒烟5年，在之后的5-15年内，卒中风险降至于非吸烟者一样；戒烟10年，肺癌死亡率为持续吸烟者的50%；戒烟15年，冠心病危险与从未吸烟者类似。 Key Point Nicotine addiction is a cycle which begins with nicotine binding to receptors in the brain causing the release of dopamine which in turn results in feelings of pleasure and calmness. Background The distribution of nicotine is very rapid. It can reach the brain within 10 to 20 seconds after inhaling cigarette smoke.1 The binding of nicotine to its relevant receptors results in the release of multiple neurotransmitters, most critically dopamine. The release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens neurons is thought to play a critical role in the addictive nature of nicotine. This release of dopamine requires binding of nicotine to ?4?2 receptors.1,2 Absorption of cigarette smoke from the lungs is rapid and complete, producing with each inhalation a high concentration of arterial nicotine that reaches the brain within 10 to 16 seconds. Nicotine has a terminal half-life in blood of 2 hours. Smokers therefore experience a pattern of repetitive and transient high blood nicotine concentrations from each cigarette. Nicotine’s activation of acetylcholinergic receptors induces the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. This is similar to the effect produced by other drugs of misuse, such as amphetamines and cocaine. The symptoms of nicotine withdrawal are a major barrier to smoking cessation. Smokers start to experience impairment of mood and pe