抗生素英文课件精品Antimicrobial Drugs（24p）.pptVIP

Antimicrobial Drugs Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy The use of drugs to treat a disease Antimicrobial drugs Interfere with the growth of microbes within a host Antibiotic Substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe Selective toxicity A drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host Historical Perspective Treatment hopeless before 1935 Paul Ehrlich, early 20th century Father of chemotherapy Fleming -- 1929 Penicillin discovered -- gram positives Florey -- 1940 Penicillin -- first therapeutic use Waksman -- 1944 Streptomycin -- gram negatives 1947 -- Chloramphenicol -- broad spectrum 1947 - present -- many 1928 – Fleming discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium. 1940 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain performed first clinical trials of penicillin. Properties of an ideal antibiotic broad spectrum stable--long shelf life soluble in body fluids stable toxicity Nonallergenic reasonable cost selectively toxic not likely to induce bacterial resistance Major genera that produce clinically useful antibiotics Bacillus Streptomyces Cephalosporium Penicillium Major targets of antimicrobial activity Cell wall synthesis penicillins, cephalosporins (beta-lactamase producing bacteria resistant to both, require active cell wall synthesis in actively growing cultures), bacitracin Cell membrane function amphotericin B (no growth requirement, changes membrane permeability by binding to sterols in fungal membranes, more side effects since membranes similar in all cells) Protein synthesis Aminoglycides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol Major targets of antimicrobial activity DNA synthesisTranslation (mRNA-- protein): Transcription: rifampin (TB), actinomycin D Block movement of ribosome along mRNA: streptomycin, tetracycline Prevent peptide bond formation by binding to ribosome: chloramphenicol, erythromycin Antimetabolites (structural analogs of natural substances important in metabolism): PASA, sulfa drugs, INH