第三章合同内容2.pptVIP

第二节 合同条款的分类 合同条款可以分为条件 (conditions)，担保 (warranties)，和中间（或无名）条款(intermediate/innominate terms)。 条款的恰当分类很重要，因为这将决定合同是否已被履行或者因为违约而解除。 条件 违反条件时，除可解除契约外，还可请求损害赔偿。 担保 违反担保时，只可以请求损害赔偿。 当事人可以在合同中明确约定某个条款的性质分类，但除非他们所用的分类语言能清楚明确地表明其意图，否则分类不属最后决定性的。如无明确的合同规定，法庭会客观地审视合同的语言，以期确定当事人在当时情况下可能如何决定某个条款的分类。另有些情况下，如果当事人没有明确条款的性质，成文法也会直接规定某些条款应被当作条件或担保。 第三节免责条款 试图排除或限制当时一方责任的免责条款在格式合同中使用很普遍，但其使用范围不限于此。1977年的英国《不公平合同条款法》通过一个“合理性要求”来使免责条款无效或者限制其功效。 教材第287页。 1.载有免责条款的文件须为契约的构成部分； 2.载有免责条款的文件是否经他方签名，如未签名，是否经适当告知； 3.有疑义时，应作不利于制作文件人之解释； 4.免责条款其效力是否可及于第三人？ 5.免责条款的应用须以契约履行并依本旨履行时为限。 【1956】W.L.R.936 Karsales Ltd v. Wallis An individual consumer, Mr Wallis, agreed to buy a car from Mr Stanton, but he had to have credit facilities in order to buy it. Consequently, he concluded an hire-purchase contract with a finance company, called Karsales, who bought the car from Mr Stanton. Before concluding the agreement, Mr Wallis checked the car, and he saw that the car was in a good state, new tires and a fitted radio.. Nevertheless, when the car was delivered to Mr Wallis, he did not want it anymore. It was because the car was not in the same state as when he had first inspected it, indeed the car was then in a very poor state, unable to run anymore. And it was towed to his premises Mr Wallis took the decision to refuse to pay the instalments to the finance company. Therefore, Karsales Ltd triggered an action against the hire-purchaser, in view to make him pay the installments due under the agreement, because in the contract it had been inserted an exclusion clause saying that No condition or warranty that this vehicle is roadworthy, or as to its age condition or fitness for any purpose, is givenby the owner or implied therein. The case brought an interesting solution to restrict the validity of the exclusion clauses . Scruttons Ltd v Midland silicones Ltd 案件事实：买方（consignee）和卖方(shipper)签订了货物买卖合同，合同约定货物装船后，财产权等权利转移给买方。卖方给承运方签了提单，约定承运方从纽约运到伦敦港然后转给买方，并约定如果造成损坏或延迟，承运方最多承担每箱500美元的责任。在伦敦港承运方委派搬运工(stev