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Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Calvin College - Minds In The …在磁共振成像-加尔文大学的头脑…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mary Holleboom ENGR 302 May 7, 2002 Outline Overview History Imaging Principles Advanced Techniques Imaging Hardware Safety Applications Overview History Use strong magnetic field to scan an object and produce an image No radiation Utilize magnetism of internal particles Imaging Principles Spin Protons, Neutrons, Electrons +/- 1/2 Particle behaves like a magnet in presence of magnetic field Grouped in packets - create magnetization vector Fourier Transform RF pulse Slice selection gradient pulse Phase encoding gradient pulse Frequency encoding gradient pulse Signal recorded Process repeated 128 – 256 times Signal Fourier Transformed in 2 directions Frequency encoding direction Phase encoding direction Intensities of data peaks converted into intensities of pixels Tomographic image Advanced Techniques Volume (3-D) Imaging Group of slices (volume) used instead of one slice at a time Flow Imaging (MR angiography) Image blood flowing through arteries veins Velocity of blood flow determined by intensity of image Echo Planar Imaging (functional MRI) Imaging relates body function or thought to specific locations in the brain Tomographic images produced at video rates Imaging Hardware Magnets Safety Patients No biological hazards from magnetic fields yet discovered Most pregnant women prohibited from undergoing MR imaging to prevent possible damage to fetus Most people with metal implants prohibited Pacemakers - malfunction due to magnet Cerebral aneurysm clip - magnet could move clip Most orthopedic implants safe because they are firmly embedded in bone RF coil failure can severely burn patient Equipment Extremely powerful magnets No ferromagnetic objects allowed near scanner Example Bucket pulled off ground and into magnet Fully loaded pallet jacket pulled into bore Fix problem Pull object off magnet Use forceful device such as a winch Turn off magnet completely Applications Brain Tumors Aneurysms Blood clots Spine Individual vertebrae Knee
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