Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance课件.ppt

Prevention and Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance USE ANTIBIOTICS RATIONALLY Resistance in microbes is a natural phenomenon Resistance is unresponsiveness to antimicrobial agents in standard doses A natural biological unstoppable phenomenon Resistance is generally slow to reverse or irreversible All antimicrobial agents have the potential to select drug-resistant subpopulations of microorganisms Resistance is accelerated through inappropriate use of antimicrobials Standard treatment guidelines not provided to physicians or provided but not adhered to Drugs available without prescription Accessible but poor quality Inadequate monitoring Irrational self-administration or prescription Antimicrobial resistance Resistance is fallout of inappropriate use of antimicrobials in different settings In animals and plants: Therapeutic and non-therapeutic (e.g. as growth promoters) In community acquired infections In hospital-associated infections Irrational use of antibiotics is the greatest driver of resistance 50% of antibiotics are prescribed inappropriately 50% of patients have poor compliance 50% of populations do not have access to essential antibiotics Resistant organisms also move rapidly across borders through humans and the food-chain Two outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in Canada Origin in North India Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in USA Originated in 6 countries (including India) MDR Salmonella schwarzengrund Imported through Thai food into Denmark and the USA Multidrug resistant Mycobacteria Resistant malaria at Thai-Cambodia border Resistance in H1N1 and HIV are global concerns Resistance is negating “wonder” drugs Status of resistance in WHO’s South-East Asia Region Tuberculosis MDR-TB 3%: 180000 cases annually XDR-TB: Reported from Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Thailand Status of resistance in  WHO’s South-East Asia Region 400 million people at risk of infection with resistant parasites