抗生素PPT课件（英文精品） Is Resistance Futile.ppt

Achievements in Public Health Control of infectious diseases Sanitation and Hygiene Vaccination Antibiotics Antibiotics: the epitome of a wonder drug  The introduction of antibiotics in the 1940s converted illness into a strictly technical problem: virtual elimination of infectious disease as a significant factor in social life. Introduction of pneumococcal vaccines, Ontario Oct 1996 – PPV23 program for adults Increased coverage from ?2% to 35% in adults Invasive pneumococcal disease, elderlyMetropolitan Toronto, 1995-2000 Pediatric invasive pneumococcal diseaseMetropolitan Toronto, 1995-2000 Introduction of pneumococcal vaccines, Ontario Oct 1996 – PPV23 program for adults Increased coverage from ?2% to 35% in adults Dec 2001 – PCV7 licensed Gradual increase in use in children (to about 1 dose per child, or 4 doses for 20% of children) Jan 2005 – provincial PCV7 program No catch-up; start with birth cohort Pediatric invasive pneumococcal diseaseMetropolitan Toronto, 1995-2007 Invasive pneumococcal disease, elderlyMetropolitan Toronto, 1995-2001 Resistance Isn’t Futile * Year 2000 BC 521 cases, otherwise rate line would have increased slowly to 2002 * * OBJECTIVE. To determine the incidence, and describe the changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Canadian hospitals from 1995-2007. SETTING. 48 hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program. DESIGN. Prospective, laboratory-based surveillance for incident cases of MRSA in hospitalized patients. METHODS. Clinical and epidemiologic data were obtained by review of hospital records. Standard criteria were used to determine if MRSA infection was present, and whether the MRSA was healthcare-associated (HA) or community-associated (CA). A representative subset of isolates was characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), SCCmec typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. RESULTS. From 1995-2007, MRSA rates