北宋官员任期制度研讨——以宰相与知州、知府为重点.pdfVIP

Abstract 摘 要 任期制是官员管理制度的重要组成部分。官员任期制实行的合理与否，不仅影响到 吏制的得失，而且关系着国家政策、方针的贯彻和实施。官员任期制度的重要性不容置 疑。 在宋代的文官系统中，宰相是总揽全国政务的最高行政机构的长官。宰相位高权重， 他们的政治主张是全国政策的风向标。宰相任期的长短，关系着全国政策能否有效实施。 尽管宰相的任期长短十分重要，但是宋代并没有规定具体的宰相任期。北宋九朝共有72 位、97 任宰相，任期在 1-2 年的共有 45 任，占总数的 46%。1-3 年的共有 63 任，约占 总数的65%，也就是说，北宋宰相的任期大多数是在3年之内。北宋宰相任期如此之短， 使宰相的个人才能缺少发挥的余地，于是，他们只是听令于皇帝，一味的强调祖宗之法， 不求改变政策中所存在的问题，致使国家腐朽不堪，最终灭亡。 北宋的地方官员任期普遍实行一年一考，三年一任的任期制度。但是不同朝代，任 期制度又有所不同。从宋太祖到宋徽宗，地方官员的任期制度呈逐渐缩短趋势。例如太 祖、太宗时期地方官久任的现象还是比较普遍的，但是到宋徽宗时期久任的现象已经绝 迹。宋代地方官员任期逐渐缩短，弊害也随之凸显。一些官员无心政务，视官府如传舍， 官场的腐败之风激增，百姓负担加剧。宋代的一些有识之士，对官场存在的问题感同身 受，他们逐渐的探索解决任期过短的方法。 关键词 北宋 官员任期 宰相 知州知府 Abstract Abstract System of fixed tenures is an important component in official administration. Whether the system of fixed tenures implement well, it would not only influence Civil service’s gain or less, but also involve the implement of nation’s state policies and principles. So it seems unsuspected for its valuable. During the civil official system of Song Dynasty, Prime Ministers are chief executive of the country, who assumed responsibility for the whole government affairs. Prime Ministers have their full lights and pre-eminences of their place, their political view is the vane of nation policy. So the term of Prime Ministers concerns nation policy’s implement. However, Song Dynasty didn’t document the detail time of the term of Prime Minister. North Song Dynasty had 72 Prime Ministers. There were 45 Prime Ministers who held the position within two years, occupying 46%. There were 63 Prime Ministers who held the position within three years, occupying 65%. That is to say, most of North Song Dynasty’ Prime Ministers held their position with