FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS 声学基础（英文版）幻灯片课件.pptVIP

Fundamentals of acoustics (11);When sound waves are traveling through a medium, they may be reflected or refracted ,diffracted or scattered ,interfered or absorbed .The transmission of sound involves the transfer of acoustic energy through the medium in which sound waves travel.;We can define plane acoustic waves as one-dimensional free progressive waves traveling in the x direction. They are described by the one-dimensional wave equation;Which consists of two parts : the first part represents a wave of arbitrary shape traveling in the x direction with velocity co ,and the second part represents a wave also of arbitrary shape traveling in the negative x direction with velocity c0 . In complex exponential form, the general solution can be written as ;Change in media;Note: The transmitted wave has the same frequency as the incident wave but , because of the different phase speeds c1 and c2, the wave numbers k1 in fluid I and k2 in fluid II are different;They are described by the wave equation; (2)The particle velocities normal to the boundary are equal.The second condition, continuity of normal velocity, requires that the fluid remain in contact.;We have defined the ratio of acoustic pressure in a medium to the associated particle velocity as the acoustic impedance. Z=p / u, then ;The pressure and normal particle velocity in fluid I are pi + pr and (ui +ur) so that two boundary conditions are;We define the pressure transmission (refraction) and reflection coefficients, so obtain:;From the reflection coefficient, we know that R is always real: Positive when Z1Z2 and negative when Z1Z2. Consequently, at the boundary the acoustic pressure of the reflected wave is either in phase or 1800 out of phase with that of the incident wave. When the characteristic acoustic impedance of fluid II is greater than that of fluid I ,a positive pressure in the incident wave is reflected as a positive pressure. ;when Z1=Z2 then R=0,and there is complete transmission. For