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外文资料翻译： PLASTIC PRODUCT FAILURE DUE TO DESIGN,MATERIAL OR PROCESSING PROBLEMS By Myer Ezrin, Gary Lavigne and John Helwig University of Connecticut, Institute of Materials Science Abstract Several examples are given in which design, processing, or an aspect of the material were primary contributors to failure of plastic products. A common pattern is failure to realize the consequences of seemingly inconsequential practices or decisions. Mold design was a factor in some cases. Material factors and processing were involved in other cases. Frequently design, material and processing are so closely related that failure cannot be ascribed solely to one of the three (8). 1. Introduction In many cases of failure the cause is at least partly due to failure to know or realize the potential consequences of seemingly safe practices or decisions. In many of the cases cited failure occurs at the manufacturing stage, either in primary processing, such as injection molding, or in secondary operations. All failures can be traced to the design, the material, or processing, assuming service conditions are not unusually severe. The interdependence of the three main causes of failure is such that often all are contributors. Material and processing are particularly strongly linked.The material contribution to failure may be in the polymer itself or in an additive. Processing imposes on plastics thermal and mechanical stresses that frequently are the most severe a part will experience in its entire lifetime. Failure is often due to lack of realization of how severe the stresses in processing are and of the effect on the material. Examples are given of failures due to part design, mold design, material selection and processing. 2. Part Design 2.1 Polypropylene (PP) caps for a packaging application required that the top of the cap be flexed substantially due to direct contact with a round ball at the top of the container. Fracture occurred with some caps from the high flexural load and defo