现代化农业.docVIP

现代化农业——真正可持续性农业经营的生态影响和机遇Modern Agriculture: Ecological Impacts and the Possibilities for Truly Sustainable Farming 大约四十年前，农业系统中的作物产量依赖的是内部资源、有机物的循环利用、内在的生物防治机制和将与模式。Until about four decades ago, crop yields in agricultural systems depended on internal resources, recycling of organic matter, built-in biological control mechanisms and rainfall patterns. 农业产量虽然不高，但比较稳定。Agricultural yields were modest, but stable. 保证产量的方法是在某一地块的时空范围内多种几类作物，以应对突发的虫害或恶劣的天气。Production was safeguarded by growing more than one crop or variety in space and time in a field as insurance against pest outbreaks or severe weather. 为取得氨肥，采取轮换种植主要农作物和豆类的方法。反过来，轮换种植可有效地破坏害虫、杂草、病害的生命周期，从而抑制它们。Inputs of nitrogen were gained by rotating major field crops with legumes. In turn rotations suppressed insects, weeds and diseases by effectively breaking the life cycles of these pests. 玉米带地区的普通农场主轮换种植玉米和包括大豆在内的几种作物，而种植小粒谷物也是饲养牲畜的内在需求。大部分劳动由家庭成员完成，偶尔会请几个帮手，但不会从农场以外购买专用设备或服务。在此类农业系统中，农业和生态的关系十分密切，很少会出现环境退化的迹象。A typical corn belt farmer grew corn rotated with several crops including soybeans, and small grain occasional hired help and so specialized equipment or services were purchased from off-farm sources. In these types of farming systems the link between agriculture and ecology was quite strong and signs of environmental degradation were seldom evident. 但随着农业现代化的发展，对生态法则的无视和践踏经常会打破生态——农业链。But as agricultural modernization progressed, the ecology-farming linkage was often broken as ecological principles were ignored and/or overridden. 事实上，有些农业科学家已经一致地认为现代农业面临着环境危机，也有越来越多的人关注现存的食品生产系统是否能长期持续发展。In fact, several agricultural scientists have arrived at a general consensus that modern agriculture confronts an environmental crisis. A growing number of people have become concerned about the long-term sustainability of existing food production systems. 累积成堆的证据也表明，尽管目前的资本密集型和技术密集型农业系统的生产力和竞争力非常顽强，但也带来了一系列经济、环境和社会问题。Evidence has accumulated showing that whereas the present capital-and technology-intensive farming system