第七章关税和非关税壁垒ppt - PowerPoint Presentation.pptVIP

第七章 关税与非关税壁垒 重 点 本章讨论关税和非关税壁垒的形式及其在局部和一般均衡框架下对价格、生产、消费、贸易量、福利的经济效应 1、关税的征收方法（从价税、从量税） 2、局部均衡框架下小国关税的净福利效应 3、局部均衡框架下大国关税的贸易条件效应和净福利效应 4、配额的效应 Classification of Commercial Policy Instruments 贸易政策工具的分类 第一节 关税 1. Tariffs can be classified as: 1.1 Specific tariffs Taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported. 从量税对每单位进口商品征收固定的税额 1.2 Advalorem tariffs Taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods 从价税：按进口商品的价值征收一定比例的税收 1.3混合税 A compound duty (tariff) is a combination of an advalorem and a specific tariff. Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers, such as: Import quotas Limit the quantity of imports 二、关税的效应:局部均衡分析partial equilibrium analysis of a tariff 征收关税将产生一系列的经济效应。它将导致资源配置效率的降低，增加政府的财政收入，在各国间和各国内的不同成员之间进行收入的再分配。 这些效应包括：价格效应、生产效应、消费效应、税收效应、贸易条件效应（大国条件下） 、净福利效应等。 1、供给、需求和单一行业内的贸易 Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Suppose that there are two countries (Home and Foreign). Both countries consume and produce wheat, which can be costless transported between the countries. In each country, wheat is a competitive industry. 假定有两个国家，本国和外国，两国都生产小麦，且小麦在两国间的运输成本为零。 Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry Suppose that in the absence of trade the price of wheat at Home exceeds the corresponding price at Foreign. This implies that shippers begin to move wheat from Foreign to Home. The export of wheat raises its price in Foreign and lowers its price in Home until the initial difference in prices has been eliminated. 假定没有贸易时本国的小麦价格比外国的高。如果允许两国从事贸易，则外国出进口小麦，外国的小麦价格将上升；本国进口小麦，本国的小麦价格将下跌；最终两国价格差别消除。 2、关税：小国情形a tariff in a small country 小国，关税不能使其进口的外国商品的价格降低。结果是进口商品价格上涨，进口量降低。 Costs and Benefits of a Tariff in a Small Country 关税效应的局部均衡分析：小国情形 Partial Eequilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff Production effect 生产效应：生产者剩余增加a； Consumption effect 消费效应：消费者剩余减少 a+b+c+d Trade effect 贸易效应：进口减少Q1Q